- Referencing involves acknowledging the sources of information used in academic writing.
- In academic writing, you need to reference each source both in text and in a reference list.
- Referencing every time you use evidence, ideas, data or images from sources gives credibility to your work because you demonstrate how your interpretations fit into the field of knowledge about which you are writing.
- Referencing also enables you to give credit to your sources and avoid plagiarism.
- ‘Source’ is the term used in this guide for the location, or source, of ideas or evidence.
- Examples of sources are books, articles, websites, legislation, live performances, art works, tables and figures.
- Referencing rules vary to suit each type of source.
A bibliography acknowledges all sources of information consulted on the topic, whether or not cited in text. A reference list contains details of only those sources cited in text. In most assignments, you will be required to supply a reference list, not a bibliography.
Reference and citation
These two words are often used interchangeably. In this guide, ‘citation’ means an individual occasion of referring to a source, either in text or in the reference list.
Quote
Quotes are the exact words taken from any published or unpublished material. It is conventional to use very few direct quotes; less than 10% of your total word count is a useful guideline. An in-text citation and a reference list entry are required.
If you are quoting a full sentence, use a capital letter at the beginning of the quote. For example: Anderson’s (Wullschlager ed. 2004, p. 37) character blusters, ‘Tell me right now what you want [the tinderbox] for’.
Paraphrase
A paraphrase is your wording of any information you use from a source. An in-text citation and a reference list entry are required.
Synthesis
Synthesis is your wording of any information you combine from two or more sources. In-text citations and reference list entries are required.
Summary
A summary is your wording of the main points in a source. No detail or supporting data is included, unless required for clarity. An in-text citation and a reference list entry are required.
DOI
A ‘Digital Object Indicator’, is a number unique to a particular online academic article. The doi can be found in the database storing the article or on the front page of the article. All doi numbers begin with 10. Do not include information (e.g. www. or http) given before the number 10. No space after the colon (doi:10.XXX). No viewed date is required. There is no full stop at the end of the doi number.
URL
A ‘Uniform Resource Locator’, is used for online sources only if there is no doi number. Viewed day month year (the date you accessed the article) is required with a URL. There is no full stop at end of the URL.
Plagiarism
USC Student Academic Misconduct - Procedures defines plagiarism as ‘presenting the thoughts, words, phrases or works of another as one's own’ by:
- referring to someone else's work, ideas or theories as your own by not acknowledging the source/authors
- using someone else’s original words without placing them in inverted commas
- writing words that are almost the same as the original article, lecture, text or journal, even if you have acknowledged the source
Using evidence appropriately is an essential skill at university.
Can I express my own opinion?
Everything that is not cited in text and detailed in your reference list is your own work. Any critical claims you make, any phrases you use to link ideas and any evaluative comments, conclusions or suggestions you make, are created by you.
Check out this resource to learn how to use in-text references appropriately and create the most common entries in a reference list in Harvard referencing style.
In-text references appear as part of sentences and are limited to author surname (or organisation name) and year of publication.
However, in-text citations for direct quotes include author, year and page number.
You can mix information prominent or author prominent for in-text citations.
The information is given before the author name.
| Paraphrase | |
| Format: | ... (Author Year). |
| Example: | ... (Fisher 2015). |
| Direct Quote | |
| Format: | '...' (Author Year, p. x). |
| Example: | ‘...’ (Chanock, D’Cruz & Bisset 2009, p. 2). |
| References | |
| Format: | Author, AA Year, ‘Article title in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation’, Journal Title in Italics and Maximal Capitalisation, volume number if available, issue number if available, article page range, doi:10... |
| Example: | Minkov, M & Hofstede, G 2011, ‘The evolution of Hofstede’s doctrine’, Cross Cultural Management, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 10-20, doi:10.1108/13527601111104269 |
| In-text examples | |
| Information prominent: | ... (Minkov & Hofstede 2011). |
| Author prominent: | Minkov and Hofstede (2011) ... |
| References | |
| Format: | Author, AA Year, ‘Article title in single quotation marks with minimal capitalisation’, Journal Title in Italics and Maximal Capitalisation, volume number if available, issue number if available, article page range, viewed day month year, URL |
| Example: | Chanock, K, D’Cruz, C & Bisset, D 2009, ’Would you like grammar with that?’, Journal of Academic Language and Learning, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. A1-A12, viewed 20 October 2011, http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/70/63 |
| In-text examples | |
| Information prominent: | ... (Chanock, D’Cruz & Bisset 2009). |
| Author prominent: | Chanock, D’Cruz and Bisset (2009) ... |
| References | |
| Format: | Author, AA Year, ‘Article title with minimal capitalisation’, Journal Title in Italics and Maximal Capitalisation, volume number if available, issue number if available, article page range. |
| Example: | Hammill, J & Awhina, T 2007, ‘Linking study skills courses and content: a joint venture between Student Services and Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences’, Journal of Australia and New Zealand Student Services, no. 29, pp. 3-21. |
| In-text examples | |
| Information prominent: | ... (Hammill & Awhina 2007). |
| Author prominent: | Hammill and Awhina (2007) ... |
| Note |
| Print-only academic journals are now rare, so you are unlikely to find them on the shelves in the library. |
| Most academic journals are now also (or only) available online |
Government or agency (organisation) documents, also called ‘grey literature’, are not academic sources, but are acceptable for most assignments. Check with your tutor.
Format
| Author, AA or Organisation Year, Title of web article in italics and minimal capitalisation, document type e.g. guidelines (if relevant), Publisher or Sponsor (if relevant), viewed day month year, URL |
- If there is no designated author, cite the sponsoring government department or agency (organisation) as author.
Reference list example
| Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, 3238.0 Experimental estimates and projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 1991-2021, viewed 21 November 2016, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0 |
| Queensland Health 2016, Business planning framework: a tool for nursing and midwifery workload management, 5th edn, framework, viewed 11 December, 2017, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0035/666908/bpf.pdf |
- ABS catalogue number in italics as part of the title
- Hint: Include the document type, for example: standards, frameworks, guidelines, fact sheets.
In-text example
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) has predicted that by 2021 the number of older Indigenous Australians will more than double. |
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014, p. 36) reports that ‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander life expectancy at birth for Australia is assumed to have increased by 0.3 years per year for males and 0.15 years per year for females between 2006 and 2011’. |
|
From 2006 to 2021, the number of older Indigenous Australians (aged 55 years and above) will more than double (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014). |
‘Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander life expectancy at birth for Australia is assumed to have increased by 0.3 years per year for males and 0.15 years per year for females between 2006 and 2011’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, p. 36). |
|
According to the Business Planning Framework (BPF), providing high quality and safe patient care is one vital guiding principle for nurses (Queensland Health 2016). |
The Business Planning Framework (BPF) is underpinned by three principles, which include providing ‘safe and high quality patient care’ (Queensland Health 2016, p. 5). |
Format
| Organisation (acronym if relevant) Year, Standard number and name in italics and minimal capitalisation, edition if relevant, standard, viewed day month year, URL |
Reference list - example
| Standards Australia International (SAI) 2000, AS 1235-2000 Road vehicles: roof load carriers: roof bars, 5th edn, standard, viewed 3 February 2012, http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Details.aspx?ProductID=21857 |
Hint: To get the URL for the document, right-click on the pdf link, then click on copy link address.
In-text - example
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| Standards Australia International (2000) specifies the materials and strength requirements for roof bars. |
Standards Australia International (2000, p. 3) has determined that materials must resist ‘outside temperatures between -200 °C and +600 °C’. |
|
The materials and reinforcing requirements are clearly specified (Standards Australia International 2000). |
Materials must resist ‘outside temperatures between -200 °C and +600 °C’ (Standards Australia International 2000, p. 3). |
Hansard is the official record of the proceedings of the Australian State and Federal parliaments and their committees. Hansard should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Australia, House of Representatives (2017) records of the third reading show that the defence budget was hotly debated. |
In a discussion on defence, member for Corio, Marles stated ‘it does not mean by any means that Labor provides the government with a blank cheque when it comes to this area of policy’ (Australia, House of Representatives 2017, p. 507). |
|
The Shadow Minister for Defence stated Labor would not approve of unlimited spending on defence (Australia, House of Representatives 2017). |
‘Queenslanders expect transparency and accountability from their candidates at every level of government’ (Queensland, Legislative Assembly 2016, p. 4860). |
Reference list
Hansard documents are considered government documents, not legislation, so are listed in the main References list, not in a separate Legislation section.
Jurisdiction, Chamber Year, Parliamentary Debates, volume number (if available), page no/s (if available).
Australia, House of Representatives 2017, Parliamentary Debates, 9 February 2017, pp. 506-508.
Queensland, Legislative Assembly 2016, Parliamentary Debates, 1 December 2016, pp. 4860-4863.
If you are viewing the online version, the volume number may not be mentioned. In such circumstances, it is acceptable to instead cite the day the debate took place.
See also Australian Guide to Legal Citation - Fourth Edition
An Act is a statute or law passed by both houses of parliament. You may choose to refer to the latest amendment date (e.g. ‘as amended 2016’) in your sentence (not in the reference, unless part of the title given in the source).
Titles in italics and cite the jurisdiction e.g. state (Qld) or Commonwealth (Cth) either in your sentence or in the brackets.
In-text reference
For in-text citations, include the title of legislation in italics and pinpoint the section using numbers, letters and decimal points.
First citation:
Section 61.2 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Qld) discusses the specific requirements and compliance with procedures associated with the election of WHS officers.
Subsequent citations:
Specifically, in s.66.2 of the Queensland Work Health and Safety Act, mention is made of the immunity of officers carrying out their duties in good faith.
‘Section’ is abbreviated to ‘s.’, ‘sections’ is abbreviated to ‘ss.’.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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The Commonwealth A New Tax System (Pay as You Go) Act 1999, amended 2010, covers income tax. |
The Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 aims ‘to promote equality of opportunity for everyone by protecting them from unfair discrimination in certain areas of activity, including work, education and accommodation’ (2.1.6.1). |
|
The Queensland Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. |
The Australian Capital Territory Mental Health Act 2015 states that a mental disorder ‘does not include a condition that is a mental illness’ (9.b). |
|
Income tax collection is highly regulated (A New Tax System [Pay as You Go] Act 1999 [Cth]). |
‘A person must not, by a public act, knowingly or recklessly incite hatred’ (Queensland Anti- Discrimination Act 1991, 5A.131A.1). |
| Discrimination is illegal in Queensland (Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 [Qld]). |
A mental disorder ‘does not include a condition that is a mental illness’ (Mental Health Act 2015 [ACT], 9.b). Insert a comma between title and pinpointing. |
When using brackets within brackets, use square brackets inside round brackets.
Reference list
List Acts alphabetically in a separate section of your reference list labelled Legislation. Legislation should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically. Titles of Acts in italics.
Legislation
A New Tax System (Pay as You Go) Act 1999 (Cth)
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld)
Mental Health Act 2015 (ACT)
Short title, italics, no jurisdiction (unless needed for clarity e.g. if comparing two Acts with similar titles), no year, pinpoint according to the divisions used in the source. No spaces before or after decimal points.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| The Pay as You Go Act provides for the collection of income tax. |
The Anti-Discrimination Act aims ‘to promote equality of opportunity for everyone by protecting them from unfair discrimination in certain areas of activity, including work, education and accommodation’ (2.1.6.1). |
|
The Anti-Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination. |
The Mental Health Act, states that a mental disorder ‘does not include a condition that is a mental illness’ (9.b). |
|
Income tax collection is highly regulated (Pay as You Go). |
Unfair discrimination can occur in ‘work, education and accommodation’ (Anti-Discrimination Act, 2.1.6.1). |
|
Discrimination is illegal in Queensland (Anti-Discrimination Act). |
Mental illness means ‘a condition that seriously impairs (either temporarily or permanently) the mental functioning of a person’ (Mental Health Act, 10). Insert a comma between title and pinpointing. |
Reference list
List Acts alphabetically in a separate section of your reference list labelled Legislation. Legislation should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically. Titles of Acts in italics.
Legislation
A New Tax System (Pay as You Go) Act 1999 (Cth)
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld)
Mental Health Act 2015 (ACT)
Synthesis is your wording of ideas or evidence you combine from two or more sources. You can synthesise ideas from sources of different types (e.g. book, online article, government document). All sources must be cited in text, separated by a semi-colon and presented in alphabetical order.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| Several scholars (Engleberg 2007; Rothwell 2004) have found that groups may avoid constructively arguing opposing ideas as they generally want to maintain harmony. |
‘Gatekeepers’ are key figures within a group (Rothwell 2004, p. 216; Katz 1982, p. 82) |
| Groups may avoid constructively arguing opposing ideas as they generally want to maintain harmony (Engleberg 2007; Rothwell 2004). |
Synthesising can be quite complex, as in the example below:
|
Among the many issues in cross-cultural or cross-national research (Adler 1983; Chan & Rossiter 2003; Sekaran 1983), perhaps the most important is that of data equivalence (Berry 1980; Craig & Douglas 2000; Kumar 2000; Mullen 1995; Salzberger, Sinkovics & Schlegelmilch 1999). Source: Rogers, MM, Peterson, RA & Albaum, G 2013, ‘Measuring business related ethicality globally: cultural emic or etic?’, International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-14, viewed 7 May 2014, http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.usc.edu.au:2048/docview/1429243337?accountid=28745 |
Reference list
Engleberg, IN 2007, Working in groups: communication principles and strategies, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Katz, R 1982, ‘The effects of group longevity on project communication and performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 81-104, viewed 10 February 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2392547.pdf
Rogers, MM, Peterson, RA & Albaum, G 2013, ‘Measuring business related ethicality globally: cultural emic or etic?’, International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-14, viewed 7 May 2014, http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.usc.edu.au: 2048/docview/1429243337?accountid=28745
Rothwell, JD 2004, In mixed company: communicating in small groups and teams, Thompson/Wadsworth, Belmont.
In-text reference
It is best practice to find the original sources and their reference details. If you do need to use the work of one author as cited in another author’s work (for example, if the original is out of print), provide both authors’ names in the text. In the reference list, include only the source you have used.
Cite both authors’ names in text. The publication year of the earlier source is not cited.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| According to Rubin (cited in Redman 2006) paragraphs focus on one topic and each sentence should relate to that topic. |
Fahey (cited in Frost 2008, p. 69) provides evidence that ‘wages for unskilled work remained lower than those in the capital cities’. |
|
Paragraphs focus on one topic and each sentence should relate to that topic (Rubin, cited in Redman 2006). |
|
|
For Oshima and Hogue (cited in Bretag, Crossman & Bordia 2007), a paraphrase expresses the same meaning as the original text but uses different words. |
The value placed on private property by pastoralists ‘clashed with the nomadic, customary nature of Aboriginal society and this discord often erupted in violence’ (Reynolds, cited in Frost 2008, p. 63). |
| A paraphrase expresses the same meaning as the original text but uses different words (Oshima & Hogue, cited in Bretag, Crossman & Bordia 2007). |
Reference list
In the reference list, include only the source you have used.
Bretag, T, Crossman, J & Bordia, S 2007, Communication skills for international students in business, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston.
Frost, L 2008, ‘Across the great divide: the economy of the inland corridor’, in A Mayne (ed.), Beyond the black stump: histories of outback Australia, Wakefield Press, Kent Town.
Redman, P 2006, Good essay writing, 3rd edn, Sage, London.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| White (2013) discusses several factors that influence lifelong learners. | Clark (2011, p. 183) characterises this polymer as a molecular ‘charm bracelet’. |
| Several factors influence lifelong learners (White 2013). | This polymer has been characterised as a molecular ‘charm bracelet’ (Clark 2011, p. 183). |
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s Year, ‘Title in single quotation marks, no italics and minimal capitalisation’, masters or doctoral thesis, University, City, viewed day month year (if relevant), URL (if relevant)
Clark, PG 2011, ‘Synthesis of interlocked molecules by olefin metathesis’, doctoral thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, viewed 2 December 2013, http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/5981/1/Paul_Clark_PhD_Thesis_8-10-2010.pdf
White, RD 2013, ‘What makes an Australian a lifelong learner?’, doctoral thesis, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, viewed 2 December 2013, http://research.usc.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/usc:10840?queryType=vitalDismax&sort=ss_dateNormalized%5C&query=thesis&f0=sm_type%3A%22Thesis+%28PhD%29%22
A course reader is a collection of sources. Follow the relevant rules for each source you use from the reader. For example, if you are referencing a journal article in your course reader, follow the reference rules for journal articles; if it is a book chapter, follow the rules for a book chapter.
However, if you are specifically requested to reference the course reader, use the following example as a guide.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Morgan (2006) claims that the events have been obscured. |
Morgan (2006, p. 40) maintains that ‘intractable conflict’. |
|
The damage done has been obscured (Morgan 2006). |
Circumstances for Aboriginal people in rural NSW featured ‘intractable conflict’ (Morgan 2006, p. 40). |
Reference list
Morgan, G 2006, ‘Memory and marginalisation: aboriginality and education in the assimilation era’, Australian Journal of Education, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 40-9, in L Aberdeen (ed.), SCS130 Introduction to Indigenous Australia Course 2011, course reader, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs.
Unpublished material includes unpublished papers presented at meetings as well as unpublished manuscripts of all kinds.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Smythe (1990) found that most businesses needed to invest in software. |
Maladay (1925, n.p.) recollects that ‘Glenbury was a peaceful place’. |
|
Most local businesses need to invest in software (Smythe 1990). |
‘Glenbury was a peaceful place’ (Maladay 1925, n.p.). |
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s Year, ‘Title in single quotation marks, no italics and minimal capitalisation’, type of source, Source Host if available, City, viewed day month year and URL (if relevant)
Maladay, G 1925, ‘My recollections of Glenbury’, manuscript in possession of FD Maladay, Toowoomba.
Smythe, J 1990, ‘A study of the software requirements of small business in the Maryborough district’, Associate Diploma of Business Project, Maryborough College of TAFE, Maryborough.
Films, videos, television and radio are not academic sources but may be analysed as case studies (check with your tutor).
In-text reference
If there is no director or author, cite the title.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| Murnau’s (dir. 1922) silent film, Nosferatu, remains a powerful and iconic horror film. | ‘The Anthropocene: a new age of humans’ (2016, sec. 6) discusses a ‘new geological epoch’. |
|
Nosferatu employs a range of cinematic effects manipulating the sense of time (Murnau dir. 1922). |
There is debate regarding whether ‘a new geological epoch’ has begun (‘The Anthropocene: a new age of humans’ 2016, sec. 6). |
Reference list
Film or video
Director Name (dir.) Year, Title of motion picture in italics and minimal capitalisation, format e.g. DVD, Publisher Name, City of publication.
Murnau, FW (dir.) 1922, Nosferatu, DVD, Eureka Video, London.
Television or radio episode
‘Episode title in single quotation marks, no italics and minimal capitalisation’ (if available), Title in italics Year, format e.g. television program, radio program or motion picture, Publisher or Broadcaster Name, City of publication or broadcast, day month of broadcast (if relevant), viewed day month year (if relevant), URL (if relevant)
‘The Anthropocene: a new age of humans’, Catalyst 2016, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Brisbane, 15 November, viewed 22 November 2016, http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4574615.htm
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| Pollock’s (1952) painting is textually dense and layered. |
Not applicable |
|
The sculpture is reminiscent of work by Michelangelo (Rodin 1903). |
Reference list
Author Year, Title of work of art in italics and minimal capitalisation, format e.g. painting or sculpture, Location or Gallery in Maximal Capitalisation, City, viewed day month year.
Pollock, J 1952, Blue poles, painting, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, viewed 18 March 2011.
Rodin, A 1903, The thinker, sculpture, Museé Rodin, Paris, viewed 12 August 2016.
Citations of live performances include the director (dir.) as author.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Bell (dir. 2011) incorporated gymnastic activity. |
Not applicable. For quotes, cite the script (see Play, short story or poem section). |
| The performance by Max Gillies was energetic (Bell dir. 2011). |
Reference list
Director Surname, Initial/s (dir.) Year, Title of performance in italics and minimal capitalisation, by Initial/s Surname, format e.g. theatre performance, performance date range, Theatre Company Name, Name of Theatre, Building Housing the Theatre (if relevant), City, viewed day month year.
Bell, J (dir.) 2011, Much ado about nothing, by W Shakespeare, theatre performance, 8 April-14 May 2011, Bell Shakespeare Company, Drama Theatre, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, viewed 10 April 2011.
Dance performances
Citations for live performances include the choreographer (chor.) as author.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Page (chor. 2009) demonstrated sophisticated fluidity of choreography. |
Not applicable. |
| The Matthina opening night choreography was varied and inspired (Page chor. 2009). |
Reference list
Choreographer Surname, Initial/s (chor.) Year, Title of dance in italics and minimal capitalisation, format e.g. dance performance, performance date range, Title of Dance Company, Name of Theatre, Building Housing Theatre (if relevant), City, viewed day month year.
Page, S (chor.) 2009, Matthina, dance performance, 29 May-7 June 2009, Bangarra Dance Theatre, Playhouse, Queensland Performing Arts Centre, Brisbane, viewed 29 May 2009.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Sculthorpe’s (1982) Mountains was composed for the Sydney International Piano Competition. |
|
|
Jagged melodic phrases in the upper register symbolise the peaks of mountains (Sculthorpe 1982). |
Figure 1 Mountains Source: Sculthorpe 1981, p. 2, bars 1-18
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| Reproduce music notation as a figure. Pinpoint divisions as given in the score (e.g. page, movement, bar/s). Include online source details if citing a version of the score available online. |
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s Year, Title in italics and minimal capitalisation, Publisher Name, City of publication.
Online source
Sculthorpe, P 1981, Mountains, piano sheet music, viewed 19 December 2016, http://www.sheetmusicdownload.in/piano/sheets/3188/Sculthorpe_Mountains.html
Print source
Sculthorpe, P 1982, Mountains, Faber Music, London.
In-text reference
Extended textual analysis
For extended textual analysis of a play, poem, novel, short story, etc. involving frequent in-text citations of the same text:
- Insert a footnote (References tab, Insert footnote) with the first in-text citation;
- Insert the full reference in the footnote;
- Add the words: All further references are to this edition of Title/‘Title’.
For subsequent quotes, cite in text the page number (for prose); Act, scene, line numbers (for plays); or verse, line numbers (for poems).
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Williamson’s (2014) play Emerald City, originally produced in 1987, is a witty commentary on contemporary urban lifestyles and values. |
Williamson’s (2014) character Colin complains that ‘everything in Melbourne is flat, grey, parched and angular’ (Act 1, line 6). |
|
Emerald City offers a witty perspective on urban lifestyles in the 1980s (Williamson 2014). |
‘Everything in Melbourne is flat, grey, parched and angular’, complains Colin (Williamson 2014, Act 1, line 6). |
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s Year, Title of the play or long poem in italics and minimal capitalisation, format e.g. ebook (if relevant), Publisher Name in maximal capitalisation and no italics, City of publication, viewed day month year (if relevant), URL (if relevant)
Williamson, D 2014, Emerald City, ebook, Currency Press, Sydney, viewed 30 November 2016, http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail/bmxlYmtfXzkxNjM0MF9fQU41?sid=9b7588be-fc57-4f0b-b42c-33a63bfc0532@sessionmgr4009&vid=0#AN=916340&db=nlebk
In-text reference
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Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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In the poem Insomniac Angelou (n.d.) personifies sleep and blames it for being distant. |
‘There are some nights when / sleep plays coy’ (Angelou n.d., lines 1 & 2). |
Forward slash to indicate line break.
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s Year, ‘Title of the short story or short poem in single quotation marks, no italics and minimal capitalisation’, format e.g. ebook (if relevant), Publisher Name in maximal capitalisation and no italics, City of publication, viewed day month year (if relevant), URL (if relevant)
Angelou M n.d., ‘Insomniac’, poem, viewed 13 February 2017, https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/insomniac/
In-text reference
Refer to the poem or play and its author in your sentence; title of a play or long poem is in italics; title of a short story or short poem in ‘single quotation marks and no italics’. The anthology or edition containing the play or poem is cited in brackets. Reference a play, short story or poem published in a periodical as for an article in a journal.
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Direct Quote |
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Shakespeare’s flustered nurse in Romeo and Juliet (Watts ed. 2000) scurries through the play. |
Shakespeare’s Juliet (Watts ed. 2000, Act 2, scene 2, line 185) mourns ‘parting is such sweet sorrow’. |
|
Coleridge’s gothic imagery in 'Kubla Khan’ (Wordsworth & Wordsworth 2001) provides texture. |
Coleridge (Wordsworth & Wordsworth eds 2001, line 17) describes the tumultuous water in ’Kubla Khan’ as ‘ceaseless turmoil seething’. |
|
The Nurse is a comic figure in Romeo and Juliet (Watts ed. 2000). |
The forlorn ‘mark the coming and going / of the year of the wasp’ evokes a Prufrockian longing in the poem’s middle-aged narrator (Deane 2016, lines 17-18). |
|
The imagery throughout ‘Kubla Khan’ is gothic (Wordsworth & Wordsworth 2001). |
Alliteration and assonance are both employed to evoke tumult in ‘ceaseless turmoil seething’ in ‘Kubla Khan’ (Wordsworth & Wordsworth eds 2001, Act 2, scene 2, line 185). |
Forward slash to indicate line break.
Reference list
Surname, Initial/s (ed. or eds in brackets) Year, Title in italics and minimal capitalisation, Series title in no italics and minimal capitalisation (if relevant), edition (when not the first), volume number (if relevant), translator Initial/s Surname (if relevant), Publisher Name, City of publication, viewed day month year (if relevant), URL (if relevant)
Deane, J 2016, ‘Year of the wasp’, Meanjin, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 6, viewed 30 November 2016, http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=385216492017624;res=IELLCC
Watts, C (ed.) 2000, Romeo and Juliet, Wordsworth Classics, Wordsworth Editions, Hertfordshire.
Wordsworth, J & Wordsworth, J (eds) 2001, The Penguin book of romantic poetry, Penguin, London.
Encyclopaedias are not academic sources.
In-text reference
If the author is not known, the title of the encyclopaedia in italics is cited in place of the author in both the in-text reference and the reference list.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| McNally (2012) surveys a range of cognitive, emotional and social reactions to kidnapping. |
McNally (2012, p. 2) argues that ‘psychological first aid and critical incident stress management are the primary responses’ after a medical assessment. |
| There is a range of cognitive, emotional and social reactions to kidnapping (McNally 2012). | ‘Psychological first aid and critical incident stress management are the primary responses’ after a medical assessment, according to McNally (2012, p. 2). |
Reference list
Follow the rules for a chapter in a print or electronic book, as relevant.
McNally, VJ 2012, ‘Abduction/kidnapping’, in CR Figley (ed.), Encyclopedia of trauma: an interdisciplinary guide, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, pp. 1-3, viewed 15 November 2016, http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uscau/reader.action?docID=10682675&ppg=8
Author known
Dictionaries are not academic sources.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
|
Mandel (1991) defines key terms. |
Mandel (1991, p. 283) refers to capitalism as ‘a central term’. |
| Key terms are clearly defined (Mandel 1991). |
Capitalism is referred to as ‘a central term’ (Mandel 1991, p. 283). |
Reference list
Follow the rules for a chapter in a print or electronic edited book, as relevant.
Mandel, E 1991, ‘Keynes and Marx’, in T Bottomore (ed.), Dictionary of Marxist thought, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 281-3.
Entry in a dictionary - single author
Dictionaries are not academic sources.
In-text reference
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
| Wortham (2010) points out that a dictionary can only provide a limited overview. |
Wortham (2010, p. 20) writes that the singular ‘is far better described as a resistant after-effect found at the constituting limits of an artifactual synthetics that is itself produced by effects of différance’. |
| A dictionary can only provide a limited overview (Wortham 2010). |
The singular ‘is far better described as a resistant after-effect found at the constituting limits of an artifactual synthetics that is itself produced by effects of différance’ (Wortham 2010, p. 20). |
Reference list
Follow the rules for a print or electronic book, as relevant.
Wortham, S 2010, The Derrida dictionary, Continuum, London, viewed 1 February 2015, http://ezproxy.usc.edu.au:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scop e=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=341723
Entry in a dictionary - author unknown
Dictionaries are not academic sources.
In-text reference
If the author is not known, the title of the dictionary in italics is cited in place of the author in both the in-text reference and the reference list.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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The Macquarie dictionary (2013) definition of a gas has 17 meanings. |
The Macquarie dictionary (2013, n.p.) states gas fills ‘the whole of the space in which it is contained.’ |
|
There is a range of related meanings for the term gas (The Macquarie dictionary 2013). |
A gas fills ‘the whole of the space in which it is contained’ (The Macquarie dictionary 2013, n.p.). |
Reference list
Print source
‘Title of entry in single quotation marks and minimal capitalisation’ year, Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia in italics and minimal capitalisation, Publisher Name, City of publication.
Online source
‘Title of entry in single quotation marks and minimal capitalisation’ year, Title of dictionary or encyclopaedia in italics and minimal capitalisation, viewed day month year, doi or URL
‘Gas’ 2013, Macquarie dictionary, viewed 15 November 2016, https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/features/word/search/?word=gas&search_word_type=Dictionary
In-text reference
Personal communications refer to emails, phone conversations, letters, conversations, guest speeches or similar sources, from which the data is not recoverable. First gain permission from the person/s being referenced. Initials before the surname. Cite in text only, not in reference list.
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Paraphrase |
Direct Quote |
|---|---|
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Ms M Day confirmed by telephone on 30 July 2013 that email confirmation had been received. |
In a telephone conversation held on 30 October 2008, Mr J Brown confirmed that the present site of Luke’s Newsagency was ‘once the site of the first cinema’ in the district. |
| Ms A Smith (2016, pers. comm. 16 August) spoke about the success of the intervention in a guest speech. | |
|
Email confirmation was received (M Day 2013, pers. comm. 30 July). |
It has been confirmed that the present site of Luke’s Newsagency was ‘once the site of the first cinema’ in the district (J Brown [former student] 2008, pers. comm., 30 October). |
|
The intervention has been successful (Ms A Smith [guest speaker] 2016, pers. comm., 16 August). |
When using brackets within brackets, use square brackets inside round brackets.
If the name of an institution needs to be included:
|
In an interview conducted on 28 February 2008, Mr A Cluny (Sunrise College) stated that the school had a learning centre. |
|
The school has a learning centre (A Cluny [Sunrise College], 2008, pers. comm., 28 February). |
Reference list
Personal communications are not included in a list of references, but must be cited in full in the text.